root and mode?

Can someone explain what root and mode mean? I've seen Rob's pdfs, but I'm not a musician, so they all look very similar. I've tried changing the settings, but I don't hear a difference either. How do I know what root and mode settings I should use?

I'll give this a shot, but keep in mind that I'm a bit of an amateur. Remember that you don't need to know all this to enjoy the instrument. A lot of people play in a major (ionian key) most all their lives.

The root is the starting note of the scale or mode. So C is where the scale starts. As for which mode to choose, that should be noted on the score. If you're actually looking to figure out an unscored song's scale... that's going to require some study. Suffice is to say that Ionian and Aeolian are going to be the most likely for popular music.

As for the rest... traditionally music is written using twelve tones. Western music tends to use an octave that includes seven of those, plus the first note repeated in a higher register.

Looking at a piano, you'll see an example of this. The C Ionian mode is all the white keys. So a piano starting from C goes: C - (black space) - D - (black space) - E - F - (black space) - G - (black space) - A - (black space) - B - C

So you have a pattern there, Note/Space/Note/Space/Note/Note/Space/Note/Space/Note/Space/Note/Note

If you look at that you'll see that there are two areas where the notes bump up against each other. This pattern is a major or Ionian pattern. The other modes (for the most part) come from starting in a different place.

So if major/ionian is *C/s/D/s/E/F/s/G/s/A/s/B/C* (C Ionian)

Then a minor or Aeolian *A/s/B/C/s/D/s/E/F/s/G/s/A (A Aeolian)

The same notes are used, but in a different order. Playing those two scales in those orders will sound very different, even though they're built from the same notes.

BTW.. wikipedia has a place where you can listen to the modes (middle of the page): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_modes

Hi adjusting,

(NOTE: I was writing this while Kholinar was posting, so forgive any duplicate info:

This is a great question and I think there are many new Ocarina players out there in the same situation. Here's a quick description of what we're trying to do with the root/mode concept in Ocarina (note: music buffs out there, feel free to add in your two cents):

A simple way to think of a mode is that it is a scale or a sequence of notes. You may be familiar with a musical scale like a "major" scale (which many people hear as sounding "happy") or a "minor" scale (which many hear as sounding "sad"). If you look at a piano keyboard, a major scale would consist of you playing all the white notes, starting on the note we call "C". In this case that note "C" would be the "root" of the major scale (but more about roots further on down).

The idea of modes originated back in ancient times with the first modes created based on writings by ancient greek philosophers as essentially a way of organizing musical notes into groups. Back then, they were considered groupings of notes which sounded "pleasing" when played in succession. Each mode has a distinct pattern of steps between adjacent pitches, usually either a single note (i.e. the second note in the mode is the note on the piano directly next to the first, or a "1/2" step away), or two notes (i.e. the second note in the mode is the note on the piano 2 notes away, or a "whole" step away). When these patterns start on different pitches, some different notes are made available; in an instrument like Ocarina, where we can only have 16 distinct finger combinations, this is a way to play many different pieces of music in many different keys and ranges.

A "root" pitch is simply the starting point of a mode. Just like you can play a major scale on a piano in any key, you can play a mode starting in any key too. By changing the "root" in Ocarina, you are essentially changing the tuning of your instrument (like if you re-tuned your guitar so that all the pitches were a note higher; you'd still play the same finger-positions but the sound would be one note higher than in its original tuning).

With Ocarina, we chose to include seven classic modes from musical history: Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian, as well as one fantastical mode from video-game history: Zeldarian. If you look at a piano keyboard, there is an easy way to see the basic 7-note form of each of these modes: find the note C, and play each of the "white" keys upwards in a row until you hit the note "C" an octave higher. That was the C Ionian mode. If you now do exactly the same thing but start your scale on the second note, the "D", still playing all the white keys, that will be a D Dorian mode. Likewise, staying on all the white keys, starting on E will give the E Phrygian, F the Lydian, G the Mixolydian, A the Aeolian, and B the Locrian.

The reason these all sound different in that on the piano, you can see that the black keys are not equally spaced across the keyboard: there are two grouped together, then three grouped together. This means that starting on each pitch of the white-note keyboard will produce a scale with the steps between white and black-notes in slightly different locations.

In the Smule version of these classic modes, perhaps the best way to think of the sequence of notes are these seven note ascending scales, starting on the "root" note, with 5 pitches added below the root and some extra pitches added within and above the seven note scale, to give you more options outside the base scale.

The .pdf scales which I posted in the forums here show these scales, with the corresponding finger-chart number from the score generator page listed beneath the notes. In these pdf scales, the note numbered "6" in each scale is the root pitch. You'll see 5 notes below that note (notes 1-5) which extend the range downwards, as well as a number of notes which don't fit exactly in the classic mode, but give you more options.

For each of the standard modes, the scale is represented on the score-generator page as an ascending series of pitches from 1-16. It should be noted that the Zeldarian mode is slightly different and has as its ascending scale the following series of fingerings:

1 5 6 7 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 3

I hope this is a helpful introduction to the idea of modes and roots. Please let me know how you're getting along and if there's anything else that needs more clarification.

Best,

Rob

Very thorough and well put...

It's a tough subject to jump into...

Thanks guys. That makes a lot of sense. I'll need to play around some more to see if I really understand it, but that gives me a good place to start.

[quote author=rob]With Ocarina, we chose to include seven classic modes from musical history: Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian, as well as one fantastical mode from video-game history: Zeldarian. If you look at a piano keyboard, there is an easy way to see the basic 7-note form of each of these modes: find the note C, and play each of the "white" keys upwards in a row until you hit the note "C" an octave higher. That was the C Dorian mode. If you now do exactly the same thing but start your scale on the second note, the "D", still playing all the white keys, that will be a D Dorian mode. Likewise, staying on all the white keys, starting on E will give the E Phrygian, F the Lydian, G the Mixolydian, A the Aeolian, and B the Locrian. \[\/quote\]

Very good explanation, I think you mean C Ionian here though.

Ah yes, thanks for catching that! I've updated the original post.

Hello ppl!

I can't seem to be able to open a new topic, so I think I'll post this piece of advice here. :D

While non-chromatic, and thus incomplete as a western instrument, the ocarina is perfect for naive improvisation, folk-style.
There is only one thing you need to do that: a suitable pentatonic scale. :D Now I really don't want to go into details as to what that means and why it's good, musicians will know, and others can read up on it if interested. Simply put, a scale is basically a series of notes that "fit together well", and a pentatonic scale is a scale that contains 5 notes in an octave. Most folk music around the world is pentatonic.

To jam with a scale, you first establish the notes you will be using, and then start playing them in a rhythm and series that you feel okay with. Important: don't play any notes not in the scale if you don't know what you're doing. It will sound atrocious. :P

I'm sharing my favorite, the (western approximation of the) Japanese Yo scale. If you want a very characteristic oriental sound, this is the scale for you.

So, set you Ocarina to Dorian mode (any of the roots, though afaik the most authentic sound is D Dorian), and memorize the following fingerings:
1 3 6 7 9 11 14 16
(a b d e g a b d - if you use D as the root)

Don't make too big jumps in pitch at a time, as it will sound weird. Select a note and circle around it, exploring. Have fun!

Okay, this is going to sound dumb but can anyone take a picture of all the iconian notes like on the smule help page http://ocarina.smule.com/play and put the right note under each one? There's 16 of them and I just need to label them. I saw a post with PDFs earlier but it's so old the PDF links are inactive. Please help!

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